Pharmaceutically-acceptable amine salts of 6-β-halopenicillanic acids

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to penicillanic acid derviatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which X stands for chlorine, bromine or iodine, to pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic salts of the compounds of formula I, to pharmaceutically acceptable, easily hydrolyzable esters thereof, including salts of such esters, to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the invention and dosage units thereof, to methods for the preparation of the compounds of the invention, and to methods of using the said new compounds in the human and veterinary therapy. 
     The 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I are potent inhibitors of β-lactamases from a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, making the 6β-halopenicillanic acids as well as their salts and easily hydrolyzable esters valuable in human and veterinary medicine.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 207,614, filed Nov. 17, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,184, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 145,880, filed May 1, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,512.

The present invention relates to penicillanic acid derivatives of the formula I ##STR2## in which X stands for chlorine, bromine or iodine, to pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic salts of the compounds of formula I, to pharmaceutically acceptable, easily hydrolyzable esters thereof, including salts of such esters, to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the invention and dosage units thereof, to methods for the preparation of the compounds of the invention, and to methods of using the said new compounds in human and veterinary therapy.

In the treatment of bacterial infections it is a serious problem that β-lactamase producing bacteria are occurring with increasing frequency. These enzymes inactivate a variety of β-lactam antibiotics, and it is well recognized that β-lactamases from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria contribute significantly to the resistance of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics.

It has now been found that the 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I are potent inhibitors of β-lactamases from a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This property makes the 6β-halopenicillanic acids as well as their salts and easily hydrolyzable esters valuable in human and veterinary medicine because they can protect β-lactam antibiotics against inactivation when co-administered with these.

In addition to the inhibitory activity against β-lactamases, the 6β-halopenicillanic acids have antibacterial properties (cf. Table I) and are particularly active against Neisseria species.

Apart from 6β-bromopenicillanic acid, which has been mentioned in the literature (see below), the compounds of the invention are new, and none of them, including 6β-bromopenicillanic acid, has hitherto been obtained in a pure state.

It has been reported (J. Org. Chem. Vol. 43, pp. 3611-3613, 1978; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 75, pp. 4145-4149, 1978; U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,506 (Dec. 25, 1979); Biochem. J., Vol. 177, pp. 365-367, 1979) that mixtures of 6β- and 6α-bromopenicillanic acids are obtained either on epimerization of the latter or by selective hydrogenation of 6,6-dibromopenicillanic acid, the 6β-bromo epimer being present in the reaction mixtures in estimated amounts of from 5 to 15%. The same literature has reported that such epimeric mixtures act as inhibitors of β-lactamases, and since pure 6α-bromopenicillanic acid has no effect on these enzymes, the inhibitory activity has been attributed to the 6β-bromo isomer. After the submission of the priority document corresponding to the present application, it has been reported (Tetrahedron Letters No. 48, pp. 4631-4634, November 1979) that selective reduction of trimethylsilyl 6,6-dibromopenicillanate with tri-n-butyltin hydride followed by hydrolysis and salt formation afforded a 30 percent yield of sodium 6β-bromopenicillanate containing less than 5 percent of the 6α-bromo epimer, but that the major side reaction was overreduction to penicillanic acid. The same literature also describes a similar reduction of the corresponding 6-chloro-6-iodopenicillanate providing a 39 percent yield of a mixture of 6β- and 6α-chloropenicillanic acids containing about 25 percent of the 6α-epimer. However, neither 6β-bromo- and 6β-chloropenicillanic acid nor salts and easily hydrolyzable esters of these compounds have so far been isolated in a pure crystalline state. 6β-iodopenicillanic acid or its salts and esters have not been reported previously in the literature.

Thus, it is one object of the present invention to provide 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I and salts thereof in an essentially pure, crystalline form, suitable for medical use, these compounds exhibiting strong β-lactamase inhibitory activity increasing in the order Cl<Br<I and also showing antibacterial activity, in particular against Neisseria species.

Another object of the present invention is to provide easily hydrolyzable esters of the acids of formula I and salts of such esters being useful as pro-drugs and/or intermediates.

It is a further object of the invention to provide combinations of the compounds of the invention with selected β-lactam antibiotics, with which the new compounds act synergistically against a variety of β-lactamase producing bacteria because they protect the β-lactam antibiotics against inactivation by these enzymes.

Other objectives of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.

The salts of the 6β-halopenicillanic acids are salts with pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic bases, and among the suitable salts mention may be made of alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts, as well as salts with ammonia and suitable non-toxic amines, such as lower alkylamines, e.g. triethylamine, lower alkanolamines, e.g. diethanolamine or triethanolamine, procaine, cycloalkylamines, e.g. dicyclohexylamine, benzylamines, e.g. N-methylbenzylamine, N-ethylbenzylamine, N-benzyl-β-phenethylamine, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine or dibenzylamine, and heterocyclic amines, e.g. morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine or the like. Also salts formed with e.g. β-lactam antibiotics or pro-drugs thereof containing a basic group, such as pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, bacampicillin, bacmecillinam, penethamate, ampicillin or amoxycillin, are within the scope of the invention. It has been surprisingly found that the last mentioned salts are readily crystallized and are therefore particularly suitable as agents in pharmaceutical preparations giving rise in the body of the patient to a simultaneous presence of the β-lactam antibiotic in question and the β-lactamase inhibitor. In some instances, it is preferred to use salts which are readily soluble in water, whereas for other purposes, it may be appropriate to use an only slightly soluble salt, e.g. in order to obtain a prolonged effect or for preparation of aqueous suspensions.

The above list shall, however, only be considered illustrative for and not limiting the present invention.

The present esters of the 6β-halopenicillanic acids are esters which are readily hydrolyzed in vivo or in vitro. Such esters include acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl or aminoacyloxyalkyl esters of the formula II ##STR3## in which X has the same meaning as in formula I, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R₂ is a straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy with from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl or aryloxy radical, or R₂ is a straight or branched aminoalkyl radical with from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the alkyl moiety optionally being substituted by one or more additional groups, such as hydroxy, mercapto, alkoxy, alkylthio, carbalkoxy, carboxamido, phenyl or hydroxyphenyl. The asterisk in the ester moiety indicates the possibility of an asymmetric carbon atom.

Among the above esters the following are preferred: alkanoyloxymethyl with from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl with from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl with from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl with from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, and α-aminoalkanoyloxymethyl with from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Other preferred esters are lactonyl esters, e.g. 3-phthalidyl, 4-crotonolactonyl or γ-butyrolacton-4-yl esters.

Also within the scope of the invention are methoxymethyl, cyanomethyl, or mono- or dialkyl substituted aminoalkyl esters, e.g. 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-diethylaminoethyl, or 3-dimethylaminopropyl esters.

In particular, such esters are preferred which are well-absorbed upon oral administration and during or after the absorption are hydrolysed to the free acids of formula I.

Esters which contain an amino group in the ester moiety can be prepared and used in the form of their salts with pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Examples of suitable inorganic and organic acids include, but are not limited to, the following: hydrohalide acids, e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic and hydriodic acid, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, methanesulphonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, pamoic acid, p-(dipriopylsulfamyl)benzoic acid (probenecid), and phenoxymethylpenicillin or other acidic β-lactam antibiotics. As mentioned above, easily soluble or only slightly soluble salts may be preferred for different purposes.

The present invention also relates to methods for the preparation of the compounds of the invention including their separation from mixtures containing the corresponding 6α-epimers and/or 6,6-dihalo derivatives which may be present in the crude reaction mixtures.

According to one method, mixtures of epimeric 6-halopenicillanic acids are produced by aqueous equilibration of a salt of a 6α-halopenicillanic acid at 30°-40° C. and a moderately basic pH-value (8-10) for 6-48 hours, preferably at 30°-32° C. and pH 9.0-9.1 for 20-24 hours, the pH in the reaction mixture being held constant by addition of dilute aqueous base via an automatic titrator. The amount of 6β-halo epimer present in the resulting mixtures decreases in the order I>Br>Cl, but the yields of the β-epimers are at least twice as high as those described in the literature for the epimerization of 6α-bromopenicillanic acid or by using said method for the epimerization of the corresponding 6α-chloro and 6α-iodo acids.

The epimeric mixtures of 6-chloro-, 6-bromo-, or 6-iodopenicillanic acids thus obtained can be separated by column chromatography on silica gel using as developing solvent an appropriate mixture of organic solvents, e.g. ether-petroleum ether, ethyl acetate-petroleum ether, chloroform-benzene or ethyl acetate-cyclohexane, these solvent mixtures preferably containing a low percentage (0.1-0.5%) of a carboxylic acid, such as formic acid or acetic acid. A highly efficient developing solvent for the separation of the epimeric mixtures referred to above by dry column chromatography on silica gel is e.g. ether-petroleum ether-formic acid, 70:30:0.1. Hereby the more polar 6β-halopenicillanic acids are completely separated from their less polar 6α-epimers and, following a usual work-up procedure of the eluates, obtained in a pure crystalline state, either in the form of the free acids or as the corresponding potassium or sodium salts. The purity of the crystalline 6β-halopenicillanic acids thus obtained as well as the respective potassium and sodium salts is at least 99 percent, as determined by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.

In another embodiment of the method 6,6-dihalopenicillanic acids or salts thereof can be selectively reduced by treatment with alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium boranates, e.g. sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, tetrabutylammonium boranate, or cetyl trimethylammonium boranate to afford favorably high yields (>50%) of the free 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I. The reactions are performed in an appropriate organic solvent, e.g. dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate or methylene chloride, and at temperatures between 0° and 80° C., preferably at room temperature. The 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I can be separated from the corresponding 6α-halo- and/or 6,6-dihalopenicillanic acids present in the crude reaction mixtures by column chromatography as referred to above or by fractionate crystallization known to the man skilled in the art.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the new esters of the 6β-halo acids of formula I can be prepared by epimerization of the corresponding 6α-halopenicillanic acid esters in an appropriate organic solvent, e.g. methylene chloride, chloroform or dimethylformamide, in the presence of an organic base, e.g. 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene or triethylamine, and at temperatures between -10° C. and room temperature. The epimeric mixtures of the corresponding 6-halopenicillanic acid esters thus obtained are separated by column chromatography under similar conditions as mentioned above to afford the pure 6β-halo isomers.

In a further embodiment of the method, the esters of the present invention can be obtained by selective reduction of 6,6-dihalopenicillanic acid esters with alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium boranates, similar to the procedure referred to before. The 6β-halo esters thus obtained are separated from minor amounts of the corresponding 6α-epimers and/or unreacted starting materials by column chromatography as described above.

The 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I or their salts can be converted into the corresponding esters by well known esterification processes, and vice versa. Such esters can be cleaved chemically or enzymatically to give the corresponding free acids of formula I or salts thereof under conditions which do not result in any appreciable destruction of the remaining part of the molecule.

As it has been previously stated, the 6β-halopenicillanic acids of the present invention are potentiators of β-lactamase sensitive antibiotics and may by themselves be useful in combatting some specific bacterial infections.

More specifically, the antibacterial spectra of the pure 6β-halopenicillanic acids of the invention will appear from Table I below.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         Antibacterial spectra.sup.(a) of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid (A),           6β-chloropenicillanic acid (B) and                                        6β-iodopenicillanic acid (C)                                                           IC.sub.50 (ug/ml)                                                 Organisms      A         B         C                                           ______________________________________                                         Staph. aureus CJ9                                                                             32        40        63                                          Dipl. pneumoniae EA                                                                           1.6       5.0       5.0                                         Strep. pyogenes EC                                                                            6.3       6.3       5.0                                         Strep. faecalis EI3                                                                           >100      >100      >100                                        Coryneb. xerosis FF                                                                           5.0       5.0       16                                          Bacillus subt. KA2                                                                            5.0       7.9       13                                          Pseud. aeruginosa BA2                                                                         >100      >100      >100                                        Alcaligenes faecalis GA                                                                       2.0       2.5       10                                          Escherichia coli HA2                                                                          50        50        >100                                        Escherichia coli HA58                                                                         100       >100      >100                                        (RTEM)                                                                         Kleb. pneumoniae HE                                                                           63        63        >100                                        Enterobact. aerogenes                                                                         63        63        >100                                        HC7A                                                                           Proteus vulg. HJ                                                                              40        40        100                                         Salm. typhimurium HL2                                                                         100       100       >100                                        Shigella dystenteriae HR                                                                      50        40        >100                                        Neisseria gonorrhoeae DA2                                                                     0.25      0.20      0.79                                        Neisseria meningitidis DB                                                                     0.79      0.63      1.6                                         Haemophilus influenzae                                                                        32        20        >100                                        IX3                                                                            ______________________________________                                          .sup.(a) Determined by serial dilutions in fluid medium, inoculum 10.sup.      CFU.sup.(b) (grampositive organism) or 10.sup.4 CFU (gramnegative              organism)                                                                      .sup.(b) CFU = colony forming units                                      

In Table II is shown the in vitro activity against β-lactamase producing bacterial strains of selected β-lactam antibiotics in 1:1 combinations with the 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I. These data indicate that, in combination with the 6β-halopenicillanic acids, benzylpenicillin and ampicillin are highly active against otherwise resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. A similar synergistic effect against strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli is shown by combinations of ampicillin as well as mecillinam with the 6β-halo acids of the invention.

                                      TABLE II                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Susceptibility.sup.(a) of β-lactamase producing bacterial strains         to                                                                             selected β-lactam antibiotics in 1:1 combination with                     6β-bromopenicillanic acid (A),                                            6β-chloropenicillanic acid (B), and 6β-iodopencillanic acid          (C)                                                                                       IC.sub.50 (μg/ml)                                                           Staphylococcus                                                                         Staphylococcus                                                                         Klebsiella                                                                           Proteus                                                                              Escherischia                                       aureus  aureus  pneumoniae                                                                           mirabilis                                                                            coli                                    Antibiotic CJ9     CJ145   HE7   HJ28  HA58 (RTEM)                             __________________________________________________________________________     A          13      10      >50   >50    >50                                    B          16      13      >50   >50    >50                                    C          20      6.3     >100  >100  >100                                    Benzylpenicillin                                                                          >100    10      >100  >100  >100                                    Benzylpenicillin + A                                                                      0.5 + 0.5                                                                              0.2 + 0.2                                                                              .sup. ND.sup.(b)                                                                     ND    ND                                      Benzylpenicillin + B                                                                      1.3 + 1.3                                                                              0.4 + 0.4                                                                              ND    ND    ND                                      Benzylpenicillin + C                                                                      0.79 + 0.79                                                                            0.08 + 0.08                                                                            7.9 + 7.9                                                                            2.5 + 2.5                                                                            7.9 + 7.9                               Ampicillin  10     1.6     >50   >50   >100                                    Ampicillin +  A                                                                           0.4 + 0.4                                                                              0.16 + 0.16                                                                            1.3 + 1.3                                                                            5.0 + 5.0                                                                            4.0 + 4.0                               Ampicillin + B                                                                            1.6 + 1.6                                                                              0.32 + 0.32                                                                            ND    ND    ND                                      Ampicillin + C                                                                            0.79 + 0.79                                                                            0.16 + 0.16                                                                            2.5 + 2.5                                                                            2.5 + 2.5                                                                            3.2 + 3.2                               Mecillinam >50     >50     >25   6.3   1.3                                     Mecillinam + A                                                                            4.0 + 4.0                                                                              3.2 + 3.2                                                                              5.0 + 5.0                                                                            1.3 + 1.3                                                                            0.16 + 0.16                             Mecillinam + B                                                                            ND      4.0 + 4.0                                                                              ND    ND    .sup. 0.05 + 0.05.sup.(c)               Mecillinam + C                                                                            10 + 10 3.2 + 3.2                                                                              0.79 + 0.79                                                                          0.63 + 0.63                                                                          0.13 + 0.13                             __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.(a) Serial dilution in agar medium, inoculum 10.sup.5 CFU                 (grampositive organisms) or 10.sup.4 CFU (gramnegative organisms)              .sup.(b) ND = not determined                                                   .sup.(c) Corresponding to an IC.sub.50 of 0.4 μg/ml for mecillinam in       this test                                                                

It is also an object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of infectious diseases which contain as an active ingredient at least one of the compounds of the invention.

The compositions include forms adapted for enteral, parenteral, intramammal or topical use and may be used for the treatment of infections in mammals including humans.

The free 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I or their salts may be used for enteral, parenteral and topical administration. However, for oral use it may in some instances be advantageous to use an easily hydrolyzable ester of the invention or a salt thereof.

Injectable or infusable compositions of the 6β-halopenicillanic acids of formula I or their salts are suitable, when high tissue levels of the 6β-halopenicillanic acids are rapidly desired, or when used in combination with a parenterally administered β-lactam antibiotic, as described below.

For intramammal use it is preferred to use an ester of the invention which provides an adequate local concentration, e.g. a dialkylaminoalkyl ester or a salt thereof.

The active ingredient can be used as such or can be mixed up with carriers and/or auxiliary agents.

In such compositions, the proportion of therapeutically active material to carriers and auxiliary agents can vary between 1% and 95%. The compositions can be worked up to pharmaceutical forms of presentation such as tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, suspensions, solutions, including forms suitable for injection or infusion.

The carriers and/or auxiliary agents are pharmaceutically acceptable materials such as gelatine, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, talc, vegetable and animal fats and oils, gum, polyalkylene, glycol, or other known carriers for medicaments, and diluents, binders, buffers, preservatives, disintegrants, coating materials, and the like in accordance with pharmaceutical practice in the manner well understood by those skilled in the art, in order to provide appropriate forms of pharmaceutical presentation, including sustained release preparations, double tablets containing the therapeutically active ingredients separated from each other, and enteric coated tablets, etc.

The compounds of the invention may be present in the composition as the sole agent or together with other therapeutic agents, in particular a β-lactam antibiotic or a synergistic combination of β-lactam antibiotics. Suitable β-lactam antbiotics for such compositions include not only those known to be highly susceptible to β-lactamases, but also those which have a good degree of intrinsic resistance to β-lactamases. Thus, suitable β-lactam antibiotics for such compositions include benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, propicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, epicillin, ticarcillin, cyclacillin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefaclor, cephacetrile, cephamandole, cephapirin, cephradine, cephaloglycine, mecillinam, and other well known penicillins, cephalosporins or amidinopenicillanic acids or pro-drugs thereof, such as hetacillin, metampicillin, the acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl, ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl, and phthalidyl esters of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin or cephaloglycine, or the phenyl, tolyl, and indanyl α-esters of carbenicillin, ticarcillin or the like, or 6β-amidinopenicillanic acid pro-drugs, like pivmecillinam or bacmecillinam, or a similar 7β-amidinocephalosporanic acid derivative.

When present in a pharmaceutical composition together with another β-lactam antibiotic, the ratio of the compounds of the invention to the other β-lactam antibiotic(s) is from 10:1 to 1:10 and advantageously may be from 3:1 to 1:3, calculated as the free acids, the range, however, not to be considered limiting the invention.

Pharmaceutical preparations for intramammary use and similar local treatment of cavities are of particular interest. It has been found that 6-β-halo penicillanic acid administered as a salt or an easily hydrolyzable ester rapidly penetrates the udder tissue causing in serum and milk a high concentration of the 6-β-halo penicillanic acid which in turn causes a protection of a β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of an infection and/or enhances the effect of the antibiotic in question. Specifically advantageous pharmaceutical preparations of the invention consequently comprise anti-mastitis preparations containing besides the antimicrobial agents, in particular, β-lactam antibiotics, as such or as pro-drugs, 6-β-halo penicillanic acid in the form of one or more of its salts or easily hydrolyzable esters, or salts of such esters. Such salts and esters can according to the invention also consist of β-lactam antibiotic or other antibiotics used as salt or ester component. Among suitable β-lactam antibiotics for such antimastitis preparations can be mentioned: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, ticarcillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, methicillin, carfecillin, mecillinam, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephacetrile and mixtures of one or more of such β-lactam antibiotics, for example; ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxycillin/cloxacillin, ampicillin/flucloxacillin, amoxycillin/flucloxacillin, ticarcilli/flucloxacillin and ampicillin/mecillinam, without this enumeration being considered as limiting.

A pharmaceutical preparation which is specifically of importance contains as the antibiotic part benzylpenicillin in the form of its β-diethylaminoethyl ester having the generic name, penethamate.

Penethamate as such or in the form of its hydrochloride is known to be very effective in the treatment of mastitis by giving rise to a rapid and high concentration of benzylpenicillin in the udder.

As is well known benzylpenicillin is very sensitive to β-lactamases and consequently the combination of penethamate and 6-β-halo penicillanic acid in an anti-mastitis preparation is appropriate due to its protection of benzylpenicillin. In such a preparation other β-lactam antibiotics, e.g., those mentioned above, have been included in order to obtain a broader antibacterial spectrum and/or an enhancement of the antibacterial activity and/or a synergistic effect. In a particular embodiment the penethamate salt of 6-β-halo penicillanic acid can be used in the combination.

Other antibiotics which can be present in the anti-mastitis preparation according to the invention are by way of example: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B and E, tetracyclines, framycetin, colimycin, gentamycin, erythromycin, canamycin, bacitracin, tyrothricin and sulfa drugs such as sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole or sulfanilamide.

Appropriately, and in accordance with common practice, the anti-mastitis preparation can also contain, for example, a corticosteroid or pain-relieving agents or other similar acting components.

The composition of the invention for use in the treatment of mastitis comprises suspensions or solutions of the active components in a suitable vehicle which can be made of an aqueous or oily base.

The composition can be administered in conventional ways for the treatment of mastitis, e.g., with an intramammary injector or in the form of an aerosol. In the preferred embodiment the composition can be administered as an aerosol foam.

With a view to obtaining the highest degree of stability it is preferred as a vehicle to apply non-aqueous media such as vegetable oils or paraffin oil. Appropriately a thickening agent can be added such as 12-hydroxystearin or aluminum/stearate. Also as thickening agents there can be used beeswax, hydrogenated peanuts or castor oil or soft or hard paraffin. Furthermore, as a thickener use can be made of lactose or castor oil with modified viscosity after treatment with ethyleneoxide and marketed under the trade name "Cremophor".

Further, the composition used in the treatment of mastitis can appropriately contain detergents such as "Span" (fatty acid sorbate) or "Tween" (fatty acid poly sorbate).

Conventionally such additives are used in amounts up to 10 w/v percent of the compsoition, whereas the amount of detergent appropriately varies between 0.1 and 8 w/v percent.

The vegetable oil can advantageously be chosen from among commercially available oils, the fatty acid of which contains from 8 to 10 carbon atoms. Particularly useful is the commercial product "Viscoleo" which is hydrogenated castor oil with low viscosity.

The amount of the therapeutically active agents in total in the anti-mastitis preparation above can appropriately vary from 0.5 to 20 w/v percent.

Another object of the invention resides in the selection of a dose of the compounds of the invention and a dosage unit of the compositions of the invention which dose and dosage unit can be administered so that the desired results are achieved without simultaneous secondary effects.

The compositions of the invention are conveniently administered in dosage units containing a total amount of from 0.025 g to 2.5 g, and preferably from 0.1 g to 1.0 g, of the antibacterial agents, calculated as the free acids. The expression "antibacterial agents" shall here and in the following mean one or more compounds of the invention, alone or combined with one or more known β-lactam antibiotics, salts or pro-drugs thereof. When used in the veterinary practice, the dosage units may contain up to 25 g of the antibacterial agents.

By the term "dosage unit" is meant a unitary, e.g. a single dose capable of being administered to a patient, and which may be readily handled and packed, remaining as a physically stable unit dose, comprising either the active materials as such or a mixture thereof with a pharmaceutical carrier.

Similarly, for infusion, the compositions of the invention are given in dosage units containing up to 10 g of the antibacterial agents in aqueous solution.

For parenteral use, e.g. injections, the compositions of the invention are given e.g. in an aqueous solution or suspension as a dosage unit containing from 0.1 g to 1 g of the antibacterial agents, calculated as the free acids, to be dissolved or suspended immediately before use, or ready for use together with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

In the form of a dosage unit the compounds may be administered once or more times a day at appropriate intervals, always depending, however, on the condition of the patient.

Thus, a daily dose will amount to from 0.1 g to 30 g (corresponding to 1-425 mg/kg body weight/day), preferably from 0.2 g to 6 g of the antibacterial agents, calculated as the free acids.

The compositions of the invention may be used in the treatment of infections of, inter alia, the respiratory tract, the urinary tract, and soft tissues in humans and may also be used to treat infections in animals such as mastitis in cattle.

In compounded compositions containing other β-lactam antibiotics, the latter will normally be present in approximately the same amount as conventionally used when such β-lactam antibiotics are the sole therapeutic agents, but under certain circumstances it may be appropriate to reduce the amounts thereof.

Particularly favored compounded compositions will contain from 50-1000 mg of the β-lactam antibiotic, a salt or a pro-drug thereof, and the 6β-halopenicillanic acid, a salt or a pro-drug thereof, in an amount within the aforementioned ratios, and more suitably from 200-500 mg of the β lactam antibiotic, a salt or a pro-drug thereof, and from 25-250 mg of the 6β-halopenicillanic acid, a salt or a pro-drug thereof.

The compounds of the invention may be administered in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic esters. The term "non-toxic" for such esters means that they are therapeutically acceptable for their intended form of administration. In general, the esters of the compounds of the invention are used in the oral administration, but their use in the parenteral administration is also within the scope of the invention.

The present invention also comprises a method for the treatment of humans and other mammals, consisting in the administration of an effective amount of the present compositions to patients suffering from infectious diseases.

In the treatment of mastitis the composition or compounded composition of the invention is appropriately administered by an injector (intramammary) containing e.g. 5 ml.

In the lactation period in which a short period of treatment is desirable, the composition is appropriately given a dose amounting to 5-10 ml per quarter of a composition with a base consisting mostly of vegetable oils in order to obtain rapid excretion of the β-lactam antibiotics.

In the dry period the composition or compounded composition can appropriately be based upon paraffin oils with aluminum stearate and preferably containing other antimicrobial agents, e.g. streptomycin.

The method may consist in administering compositions or compounded compositions of the invention, or in administering such compositions containing the compounds of the invention alone together with compositions containing other β-lactam antibiotics. In the latter case, the two types of compositions may be administerred simultaneously or at intervals and with varying proportions between the 6β-halopenicillanic acid and the β-lactam antibiotic.

According to the invention between 0.1 and 30 g of the antibacterial agents will be administered each day of the treatment, but more often between 500 and 6000 mg of the antibacterial agents will be administered per day.

In the treatment of mastitis the infected quarter is treated with contents of the intramammary every 24 hours in the lactation period until the infection ceases, normally after 3 treatments, and in the dry period the infected quarter is appropriately treated with a single long-term dose.

It shall be expressly understood that the above ranges of doses indicate the total amount of antibacterial agents, i.e. one or more compounds of the invention administered either alone, combined with, or given at intervals with other β-lactam antibiotics as above.

The invention will be further described in the following Examples which are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate

A solution of potassium 6α-bromopenicillanate (7.64 g, 24 mmol) in 0.04M aqueous disodium hydrogen phosphate (800 ml) was incubated for 72 hours at 30° C. According to an NMR-spectrum (D₂ O) of a freeze-dried 5 ml sample, the epimeric mixture contained 10-12% of the 6β-bromo compound.

After addition of sodium chloride (160 g), the mixture was stirred at 0° C. under a layer of ether (250 ml), and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 3 with 4N aqueous hydrochloride. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous phase was re-extracted with ether (100 ml), and the combined ethereal extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (10 ml), dried, and concentrated to about 40 ml at reduced pressure. The concentrated solution was subjected to dry column chromatography on silica gel (Silica Woelm TSC, Woelm Pharma, Eschwege, Western Germany). The column (φ5.6 cm, length 46 cm) was developed with ether-petroleum ether-formic acid, 70:30:0.1 (1200 ml), fractions a 2 cm were scraped out, suspended in ethyl acetate (10 ml/fraction), and samples of the supernatants were examined by thin-layer chromatography using the above mentioned solvent system. Fractions containing the pure, more polar 6β-bromopenicillanic acid were combined and eluted with ethyl acetate. The resulting ethyl acetate eluate was concentrated to about 50 ml at reduced pressure and washed thoroughly with water (6×5 ml) to remove the major amount of formic acid. To the organic layer was added water (40 ml), and the apparent pH of the mixture was adjusted to 7.2 by addition of 0.5M aqueous potassium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was separated and freeze-dried to afford 0.54 g of pure potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate as a colorless amorphous powder which crystallized from n-butanol, [α]_(D) ²⁰ +240° (c=0.2, H₂ O).

The detailed FT proton NMR-spectrum (FIG. 1) showed signals at δ=1.47 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.59 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.27 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.52 and 5.58 (doublets, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5α and CH-6α, confer FIG. 1a) ppm.

Instrument JEOL FX 100. Concentration 50 mg per ml. All data converted to tetramethylsilane as 0.00 ppm δ-scale.

EXAMPLE 2 Potassium 6β-chloropenicillanate

A solution of potassium 6α-chloropenicillanate (13.14 g, 48 mmol) in 0.04M aqueous disodium hydrogen phosphate (1600 ml) was incubated for 96 hours at 30° C. to yield, as revealed by an NMR-spectrum (D₂ O) of a freeze-dried 5 ml sample of the reaction mixture, about 5-6% of 6β-chloropenicillanic acid in admixture with the starting material.

To the reaction mixture were added sodium chloride (320 g) and ether (400 ml), and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 3 by addition of 4N aqueous hydrochloric acid at 0° C. with stirring. The organic phase was separated, the aqueous layer was re-extracted with ether (200 ml), and the combined ethereal extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (20 ml), dried, and concentrated to about 50 ml at reduced pressure. The concentrate was subjected to dry column chromatography on silica gel (as described in Example 1 for the separation of the corresponding 6-epimeric bromopenicillanic acids). Fractions containing the pure 6β-chloropenicillanic acid were eluted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting solution was worked up in a similar manner as described in Example 1 to afford 0.68 g of potassium 6β-chloropenicillanate as an amorphous powder which crystallized from n-butanol.

The NMR-spectrum (D₂ O) showed signals at δ=1.48 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.58 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.27 (s, 1H, CH--3), 5.43 and 5.63 (2d, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5α and CH--6α) ppm. Tetramethylsilane was used as external reference.

EXAMPLE 3 Potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate

By following the procedure of Example 1, but substituting potassium 6α-iodopenicillanate for the potassium 6α-bromopenicillanate, the desired compound was obtained as an amorphous product which crystallized from n-butanol.

EXAMPLE 4 Potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate

A solution of potassium 6α-bromopenicillanate (15.28 g, 48 mmol) in water (320 ml) was adjusted to pH 9.0 with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide and stirred for 24 hours at 30° C. During the reaction a pH of 9.0 was maintained in the solution by addition of 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide via an automatic titrator. An NMR spectrum (D₂ O) obtained from a freeze-dried 1 ml sample of the solution indicated the presence of approximately 25% of the 6β-bromo compound in the epimeric mixture formed.

The mixture was worked up and purified by column chromatography as described in Example 1 to yield crystalline potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate identical with the product prepared in Example 1; [α]_(D) ²⁰ +253° (c=0.5, 1M phosphate buffer, pH 7).

Calculated for C₈ H₉ BrKNO₃ S: C, 30.19; H, 2.85; Br, 25.11; N, 4.40; S, 10.08%. Found: C, 30.16; H, 2.95; Br, 25.28; N, 4.33; S, 10.07%.

EXAMPLE 5 Potassium 6β-chloropenicillanate

By following the procedure of Example 4, but substituting potassium 6α-chloropenicillanate for the potassium 6α-bromopenicillanate, an epimeric mixture containing about 15% of the 6β-chloro compound was obtained, as revealed by an NMR spectrum (D₂ O) of a freeze-dried sample of the reaction mixture.

The crystalline title compound was obtained using a similar work-up and chromatography method as described in Example 1; [α]_(D) ²⁰ +243° (c=0.5, 1M phosphate buffer pH 7).

EXAMPLE 6 Potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate A. Acetoxymethyl 6-diazopenicillanate

To a stirred solution of acetoxymethyl 6β-aminopenicillanate (5.77 g, 20 mmol) and sodium nitrite (2.76 g, 40 mmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (120 ml) and water (120 ml) was added dropwise at 0°-3° C. 4N aqueous sulphuric acid (7 ml).

After stirring at the low temperature for a further 30 minutes, the organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂ SO₄), and concentrated to approximately 30 ml at reduced pressure.

This concentrate was used immediately in the following step.

B. Acetoxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate

The concentrated solution of acetoxymethyl 6-diazopenicillanate from step A above was diluted with ice cold acetone (180 ml), and to the stirred mixture was added dropwise at 0°-3° C. a solution of sodium iodide (9.0 g, 60 mmol) and 57% hydroiodic acid (7.4 ml) in water (15 ml). After stirring at 0°-3° C. for a further 25 minutes, the mixture was treated with solid sodium bicarbonate (10 g) and filtered. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 ml), acetone was removed at reduced pressure, and the remaining organic layer was separated, washed with 0.5M aqueous sodium thiosulphate (2×100 ml), dried (Na₂ SO₄), and concentrated to about 10 ml at reduced pressure.

This concentrated solution was subjected to dry column chromatography on silica gel (ether-petroleum ether, 4:6) to yield pure acetoxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate as a slightly yellowish oil.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.48 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.63 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 2.11 (s, 3H; COCH₃), 4.56 (s, 1H; CH--3), 4.99 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H; CH--6), 5.45 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H; CH--5), and 5.79 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

C. Potassium 6α-iodopenicillanate

To a solution of acetoxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate (2.0 g, 5 mmol) in 70% aqueous methanol (50 ml) was added 4N aqueous hydrochloric acid (1.5 ml), and, after protection from light, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The mixture was poured into water (150 ml), extracted twice with ether (100 ml), and the combined ethereal extracts were washed with water (2×25 ml). To the organic layer was added fresh water (40 ml), and the pH in the aqueous phase was adjusted to 6.8 by addition of 1M potassium bicarbonate with stirring. The aqueous phase was separated and freeze-dried to give potassium 6α-iodopenicillanate as an amorphous powder, which crystallized from acetone.

The NMR-spectrum (D₂ O) showed signals at δ=1.46 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.57 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.30 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.24 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H; CH--6), and 5.46 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H; CH--5) ppm.

D. Potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate

A solution of potassium 6α-iodopenicillanate (3.65 g, 10 mmol) in water (200 ml) was stirred at 30° C. for 20 hours, a constant pH of 9.0 being maintained in the reaction mixture by additions of 0.1N sodium hydroxide via an automatic titrator. According to the NMR spectrum (D₂ O) of a freeze-dried 1 ml-sample, the epimeric mixture of 6-iodopenicillanates thus formed contained approximately 30% of the 6β-iodo compound.

To the mixture was added ether (150 ml) , and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 3.0 by addition of 4N hydrochloric acid with stirring. The organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase re-extracted with ether (50 ml), and the combined ethereal extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×20 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to about 6-8 ml at reduced pressure. The concentrate thus obtained was subjected to dry column chromatography on silica gel (ether-petroleum ether-formic acid, 70:30:0.1), and, analogously to the procedure described in Example 1 for the separation and isolation of the corresponding 6β- and 6α-bromo compounds, potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate was obtained in a crystalline state; [α]_(D) ²⁰ +260° (c=0.5, 1M phosphate buffer pH 7).

The NMR spectrum (D₂ O) showed signals at δ=1.49 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.65 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.29 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.42 and 5.80 (2d, J=3.5 Hz, 2H; CH--5, and CH--6) ppm.

Calculated for C₈ H₉ IKNO₃ S: C, 26.31; H, 2.48; I, 34.75; N, 3.84; S, 8.78%. Found: C, 26.51; H, 2.58; I, 34.91; N, 3.75; S, 8.80%.

EXAMPLE 7 Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-bromopenicillanate

To a solution of potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate (0.64 g, 2 mmol) in dimethylformamide (15 ml) was added chloromethyl pivalate (0.27 ml, 2.5 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. After dilution with ethyl acetate (45 ml), the mixture was washed with water (4×10 ml), dried (MgSO₄), and evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil crystallized from diisopropyl ether to give the title compound, melting point: 67°-68° C.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.23 (s, 9H; C(CH₃)₃), 1.51 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.68 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.54 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.32 and 5.57 (2d, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5 and CH--6), and 5.82 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLE 8 Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-chloropenicillanate

By substituting potassium 6β-chloropenicillanate for the potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate in the procedure of Example 7, pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-chloropenicillanate was obtained as colorless crystals, melting point: 68°-69° C.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.22 (s, 9H; C(CH₃)₃), 1.51 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.66 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.53 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.22 and 5.60 (2d, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5 and CH--6), and 5.82 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLE 9 Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-iodopenicillanate A. Pivaloyloxymethyl 6-diazopenicillanate

A stirred mixture of pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-aminopenicillanate (3.30 g, 10 mmol) and sodium nitrite (1.38 g, 20 mmol) in methylene chloride (120 ml) and water (120 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with 2N aqueous sulphuric acid (7.5 ml) for 40 minutes. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂ SO₄), and concentrated at reduced pressure to about 30 ml. The concentrate was used immediately for the subsequent transformation.

B. Pivaloyloxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate

The concentrate of pivaloyloxymethyl 6-diazopenicillanate from step A above was diluted with acetone (120 ml), cooled to 0° C., and to the stirred mixture was added a cold solution of 67% aqueous hydroiodic acid (3.5 ml) and sodium iodide (4.5 g) in water (20 ml). After stirring for a further 20 minutes at the low temperature, the mixture was treated with solid sodium bicarbonate, filtered, and evaporated. The residue obtained was taken up in ethyl acetate (100 ml) and washed with 5% aqueous sodium thiosulphate (2×75 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), and evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using ether-petroleum ether, 30:70, as the eluant to yield pure pivaloyloxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate as colourless crystals from diisopropyl ether, melting point: 63°-64° C.

C. Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-iodopenicillanate

To a stirred solution of pivaloyloxymethyl 6α-iodopenicillanate (0.88 g, 2 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (20 ml) was added at -5° C. a 1M solution of 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) in dry methylene chloride (2 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes, shaken with 1N aqueous acetic acid (2 ml), diluted with methylene chloride (20 ml), washed with water (2×10 ml), dried (Na₂ SO₄), and evaporated in vacuo to a dark oil. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using ether-petroleum ether, 30:70, as the eluant to afford pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-iodopenicillanate as a slightly yellowish oil which crystallized from diisopropyl ether, melting point: 78°-79° C.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.23 (s, 9H; C(CH₃)₃), 1.49 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.70 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 4.55 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.38 and 5.62 (2d, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5 and CH--6), and 5.81 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLE 10 Acetoxymethyl 6β-bromopenicillanate

Chloromethyl acetate (0.11 ml, 1.2 mmol) was added to a solution of potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate (0.32 g, 1 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5 ml), and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature in a dark room. After dilution with ether (20 ml), the mixture was washed with water (4×5 ml) dried (MgSO₄), and evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a yellowish oil.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.49 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.68 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 2.11 (s, 3H; COCH₃), 4.54 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.33 and 5.59 (2d, J=4 Hz, 2H; CH--5α and CH--6α), and 5.82 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2 H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLE 11 Acetoxymethyl 6β-iodopenicillanate

Following the procedure of Example 10, but substituting potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate for the potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate, the title compound was obtained as a yellowish oil.

The NMR spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.50 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2α), 1.70 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2β), 2.12 (s, 3H; COCH₃), 4.55 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.39 and 5.63 (2d, J=3.5 Hz, 2H; CH--5α and CH--6α), and 5.83 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLES 12-14 6β-Halopenicillanic acids

The crystalline 6β-halopenicillanic acids listed in Table III below could be obtained as follows:

(a) By concentration at reduced pressure of the ethyl acetate solutions containing the pure 6β-halo compounds obtained after separation from the corresponding 6α-epimers by dry column chromatography on silica gel (as described in Example 1).

(b) By liberation from aqueous solutions of the corresponding potassium salts under a layer of ether or ethyl acetate at pH 3 followed by separation of the organic phase, drying, and crystallization from ether-diisopropylether or ethyl acetate-hexane.

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                          ##STR4##                                                                                                 .sup.1 HNMR data                                                  [α].sub.D.sup.20                                                                      (δ/ppm; CD.sub.3 CN)                          Example                                                                               X      (c = 0.5, CHCl.sub.3)                                                                       C .sub.--H5 and C .sub.--H6                         ______________________________________                                         12     Br     +272° 5.48 and 5.54, 2d, J = 4,0 Hz                       13     Cl     +264° 5.38 and 5.58, 2d, J = 4.0 Hz                       14     I      +276° 5.35 and 5.74, 2d, J = 4.0 Hz                       ______________________________________                                    

The above acids decompose at about 80°-100° C. therefore a well-defined melting point cannot be determined.

EXAMPLE 15 Sodium 6β-bromopenicillanate A. Tetrabutylammonium 6,6-dibromopenicillanate

To a solution of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (34 g, 0.1 mol) in water (50 ml), methylene chloride (100 ml) was added, followed by 2N sodium hydroxide (50 ml). To the stirred mixture was added 6,6-dibromopenicillanic acid (36 g, 0.1 mol) and the pH adjusted to 7.0 with 2N sodium hydroxide. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous phase was re-extracted with methylene chloride (50 ml). After drying of the combined organic phases, ethyl acetate (500 ml) was added, and the solution was concentrated to about 300 ml in vacuo.

B. Sodium 6β-bromopenicillanate

To the above solution of tetrabutylammonium 6,6-dibromopenicillanate, tetrabutylammonium boranate (24.9 g, 0.1 mol) was added in one portion with stirring. After about 30 minutes, the temperature in the mixture had raised to 45°-50° C., whereafter it slowly decreased. After standing for 1 hour, the solution was diluted with ether (300 ml), water (300 ml) was added, and the pH was adjusted to 3 with hydrochloric acid. The organic phase was separated and washed with water. Fresh water (50 ml) was added to the organic phase, and the pH was adjusted to 6.8 with aqueous potassium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was separated, and water was removed azeotropically with n-butanol in vacuo to yield a crystalline mixture of the potassium salts of 6β-bromo-, 6α-bromo-, and 6,6-dibromopenicillanic acid in an approximate ratio of 65:25:10.

From an aqueous solution of the above salts, the free acids were liberated at pH 3 (dilute hydrochloric acid) under a layer of ether, and the resulting mixture was separated by column chromatography in a similar way as described in Example 1 to yield, after salt formation with 0.5M sodium bicarbonate and removal of water by azeotropic distillation with n-butanol, crystalline sodium 6β-bromopenicillanate; [α]_(D) ²⁰ +266° (c=0.5, 1M phosphate buffer pH 7).

Calculated for C₈ H₉ BrNNaO₃ S: C, 31.80; H, 3.00; Br, 26.45; N, 4.64; S, 10.61%. Found: C, 31.85; H, 3.04; Br, 26.53; N, 4.56; S, 10.72%.

EXAMPLE 16 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid

To a stirred suspension of potassium 6,6-dibromopenicillanate (11.91 g, 30 mmol) in dimethylformamide (30 ml) was added sodium borohydride (1.14 g, 30 mmol). In the course of approximately 30 minutes, the temperature in the reaction mixture rose to about 50° C., whereafter it slowly decreased to normal. After stirring at room temperature for 20 hours, water (100 ml) and ether (100 ml) were added, and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 3 with dilute hydrochloric acid. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (25 ml), and the combined organic extracts were washed with water (25 ml). To the organic phase was added fresh water (25 ml), and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 7 by addition of 1M potassium bicarbonate with stirring. The aqueous layer was separated, and the water removed azeotropically by distillation with n-butanol in vacuo to give a crystalline mixture of the potassium salts of 6β- and 6α-bromopenicillanic acid in an approximate ratio of 55:45, as indicated by NMR spectroscopy.

The above potassium salts were dissolved in water (5 ml/g salt), and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 3 with 4N hydrochloric acid under a layer of ethyl acetate 5 ml/g salt). The organic phase was separated, washed with water, dried, and diluted with an equal volume of hexane. Seeding of the resulting solution followed by concentration at reduced pressure to about half the volume afforded crystalline 6β-bromopenicillanic acid which was filtered off, washed with ethyl acetate-hexane (1:1), and dried. Recrystallization from ether-diisopropyl ether gave the analytical sample, [α]_(D) ²⁰ +268° (c=0.5, CHCl₃).

Calculated for C₈ H₁₀ BrNO₃ S: C, 34.30; H, 3.60; Br, 28.53; N, 5.00; S, 11.45%. Found: C, 34.47; H, 3.81; Br, 28.66; N, 4.99; S, 11.43%.

EXAMPLE 17 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid A. Dicyclohexylammonium 6β-bromopenicillanate

To a solution of 6,6-dibromopenicillanic acid (10.8 g, 30 mmol) in dimethylsulphoxide (75 ml) was added sodium cyanoborohydride (2.1 g; 90% pure), and the mixture was stirred until a clear solution was obtained (about 30 minutes). After standing for 72 hours, the mixture was diluted with water (75 ml) to precipitate unreacted starting material as dimethylsulphoxide solvate (C₈ H₉ Br₂ NO₃ S, C₂ H₆ OS). The crystals were filtered off, washed with water and dried. The filtrate was extracted with methylene chloride (4×25 ml), and the combined extracts were washed with water (50 ml), dried (Na₂ SO₄), and concentrated at reduced pressure to about half the volume. After addition of dicyclohexylamine (2.5 ml) and acetone (50 ml), the mixture was further concentrated to about 25 ml. Crystallization was induced by scratching, and, after standing for 1 hour at room temperature, the pure dicyclohexylammonium 6β-bromopenicillanate was filtered off, washed with acetone, and dried. The compound exhibited no well-defined melting point, after darkening at about 170° C., it decomposed at 280°-290° C.

B. 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid

A stirred suspension of dicyclohexylammonium 6β-bromopenicillanate in ethylacetate-water (1:1) (20 ml/g salt) was adjusted to pH 3 with 4N hydrochloric acid. Precipitated dicyclohexylammonium chloride was filtered off, and the organic layer was separated, washed twice with water, and dried. Addition of an equal volume of hexane followed by concentration of the solution at reduced pressure yielded pure, crystalline 6β-bromopenicillanic acid, identical with the compound described in Examples 12 and 16.

EXAMPLE 18 Sodium 6β-iodopenicillanate A. 6,6-Diiodopenicillanic acid morpholine salt

To a stirred solution of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (110 g, ˜0.5 mol) in a mixture of 5N sulphuric acid (400 ml) and methylene chloride (1.5 liter) were added dropwise and simultaneously at 0° C. 2.5M aqueous sodium nitrite (340 ml) and 0.5M methanolic iodine (1 liter). After the addition was finished, the cooling bath was removed, and stirring of the mixture was continued for 1 hour. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride (200 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with 1M aqueous sodium thiosulphate (600 ml) and dried (Na₂ SO₄). After addition of morpholine (32.6 ml, 0.375 mol), the resulting solution was concentrated at reduced pressure to about 200-250 ml to afford, after cooling, the title compound as colorless crystals which were collected, washed with acetone, and dried. Yield: 162.6 g; melting point: 152°-154° C. (decomposition).

Calculated for C₁₂ H₁₈ I₂ N₂ O₄ S: C, 26.68; H, 3.36; I, 46.99; N, 5.19; S, 5.94%. Found: C, 27.01; H, 3.44; I, 46.70; N, 5.18; S, 5.64%.

B. Sodium 6β-iodopenicillanate

A stirred solution of 6,6-diiodopenicillanic acid morpholine salt (54 g, 0.1 mol) in methylene chloride (500 ml) was protected from light, and cetyl trimethylammonium boranate (36 g, 0.12 mol) was added. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, the mixture was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with acetone (250 ml), insoluble salt was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residual oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 ml), water (200 ml) was added, and the pH in the aqueous phase was adjusted to 7 by addition of 2N sodium hydroxide with stirring. The aqueous layer was separated, the organic phase washed with water (50 ml), and the pH of the combined aqueous phases was adjusted to 3 with dilute hydrochloric acid under a layer of ether (200 ml). The organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase was re-extracted with ether, and the combined ethereal extracts were dried and concentrated at reduced pressure to about 80-100 ml. The concentrate contained a mixture of 6β- and 6α-iodopenicillanic acids as well as minor amounts of penicillanic acid (approximate ratio 50:40:10) which were separated by dry column chromatography using a similar procedure as described in Example 1. The pure 6β-iodo acid thus obtained gave, after salt formation with 0.5M aqueous sodium bicarbonate and removal of water by azeotropic distillation with n-butanol, crystalline sodium 6β-iodopenicillanate; [α]_(D) ²⁰ +274° (c=0.5, 1M phosphate buffer pH 7).

Calculated for C₈ H₉ INNaO₃ S: C, 27.52; H, 2.60; I, 36.35; N, 4.01; S, 9.18%. Found: C, 27.31; H, 2.64; I, 36.12; N, 3.92; S, 9.34%.

EXAMPLE 19 6β-Iodopenicillanic acid A. 6,6-Diiodopenicillanic acid dimethylsulphoxide solvate

To a cooled solution of 6,6-diiodopenicillanic acid morpholine salt (10.8 g, 20 mmol) in dimethylsulphoxide (20 ml) was added 1N hydrochloric acid (20 ml), and crystallization was induced by scratching. After further addition of water (20 ml), the crystals were filtered off, washed with water, and dried to give an almost quantitative yield of the title compound which showed an ill-defined melting point with slow decomposition above 120°-125° C.

Calculated for C₈ H₉ I₂ NO₃ S, C₂ H₆ OS: C, 22.61; H, 2.85; I, 47.78; N, 2.64; S, 12.07%. Found: C, 22.96; H, 2.81; I, 47.64; N, 2.74; S, 12.14%.

B. Dicyclohexylammonium 6β-iodopenicillanate

To a solution of 6,6-diiodopenicillanic acid dimethylsulphoxide solvate (5.31 g, 10 mmol) in dimethylsulphoxide (25 ml) was added sodium cyanoborohydride (0.7 g; 90% pure), and the mixture was stirred until a clear solution was obtained (about 30 minutes). After standing for 40 hours at room temperature, water (50 ml) was added, and the mixture was cooled to 5° C. to precipitate unreacted starting material which was collected, washed with water, and dried. The filtrate was extracted with methylene chloride (3×25 ml), and the combined extracts were washed with water (2×10 ml), dried (Na₂ SO₄), and carefully evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil was dissolved in acetone (25 ml), an equivalent amount of dicyclohexylamine was added, and crystallization was induced by scratching. After standing for 1 hour, the pure dicyclohexylammonium 6β-iodopenicillanate was filtered off, washed with acetone, and dried. The compound showed no well-defined melting point, after darkening at about 150° C., it decomposed slowly above this temperature.

C. 6β-Iodopenicillanic acid

By substituting dicyclohexylammonium 6β-iodopenicillanate for the corresponding 6β-bromopenicillanate in the procedure of Example 17B, 6β-iodopenicillanic acid was obtained as colorless crystals. Recrystallization from ether-diiospropyl ether afforded the analytical sample, [α]_(D) ²⁰ +278° (c=0.5, CHCl₃).

Calculated for C₈ H₁₀ INO₃ S: C, 29.37; H, 3.08; I, 38.79; N, 4,28; S, 9.80%. Found: C, 29.46; H, 3.13; I, 38.96; N, 4.27; S, 9.81%.

EXAMPLE 20 Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-bromopenicillanate A. Pivaloyloxymethyl 6,6-dibromopenicillanate

To a solution of potassium 6,6-dibromopenicillanate (5.96 g, 15 mmol) in dimethylformamide (30 ml) was added chloromethyl pivalate (2.22 ml, 15 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. After dilution with ethyl acetate (120 ml), the mixture was washed with water (4×30 ml), dried, decolorized by stirring with charcoal (0.5 g; 1 hour), and evaporated to dryness to give the desired compound as a yellow oil which crystallized from ether-hexane; melting point: 101°-102° C.

B. Pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-bromopenicillanate

To a solution of pivaloyloxymethyl 6,6-dibromopenicillanate (5.68 g, 12 mmol) in dimethylsulphoxide (25 ml) was added sodium cyanoborohydride (0.84 g; 90% pure), and the mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature in a dark room. After addition of water (75 ml), the mixture was extracted with ether (3×25 ml), and the combined ethereal extracts were washed with water (3×10 ml), dried, and concentrated at reduced pressure to about 20 ml. The concentrate was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel similar to the procedure described in Example 9C. Hereby, the 6β-bromo compound was separated from unreacted starting material. Fractions containing the more polar 6β-bromo ester were combined and evaporated in vacuo. The residual oil was crystallized from ether-diisopropyl ether to give pivaloyloxymethyl 6β-bromopenicillanate, melting point: 66°-68° C., identical with the compound described in Example 9C.

EXAMPLE 21 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid pivampicillin salt

To a stirred solution of pivampicillin hydrochloride (2.50 g, 5 mmol) in water (100 ml) was added dropwise 0.1M aqueous potassium 6β-bromopenicillanate (50 ml). The colorless precipitate thus obtained was filtered off, washed with water (3×10 ml), and dried in vacuo to give the pure title compound as colorless crystals which began to decompose at 120°-130° C. without melting.

The IR-spectrum (KBr) showed bands at 3030, 2970, 3935, 2870, 1790, 1770, 1680, 1600, and 627 cm⁻¹.

The NMR-spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.20 (s, 9H; C(CH₃)₃), 1.36 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.44 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.52 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.54 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 4.26 (s, 1H; CH--3), 4,40 (s, 1H; CH--3), 5.11 (s, 1H; CHCO), 5.23, 5.36, 5.43, and ˜5.76 (4 doublets, J=3.8-4.2 Hz, 4H; CH--5 and CH--6), 5.79 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 2H; OCH₂ O), 7.40 (s, 5H; arom. CH), and 7.82 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H; CONH) ppm. Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLE 22 6β-Iodopenicillanic acid bacampicillin salt

A solution of potassium 6β-iodopenicillanate (0.73 g, 2 mmol) in water (20 ml) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of bacampicillin hydrochloride (1.0 g, 2 mmol) in water (40 ml). The resulting crystalline precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, and dried to afford the pure title compound which decomposed at 110°-120° C. without melting.

The IR-spectrum (KBr) showed bands at 3030, 2980, 2870, 1780, 1765, 1695, 1625, and 618 cm⁻¹.

The NMR-spectrum (CDCl₃) showed signals at δ=1.31 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H; OCH₂ CH₃), 1.38 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.49 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.54 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 1.59 (s, 3H; CH₃ --2), 4.25 (m, 4H; OCH₂ CH₃ and CH--3), 4.99 (s, 1H; CHCO), 5.12 (bs, NH.sub.⁺), 5.21, 5.45, 5.54, and 5.64 (4 doublets, J=3.8-4.2 Hz, 4H; CH--5 and CH--6), 6.76 (ABq, J=5.5 Hz, 1H; CHCH₃), 7.39 (s, 5H; arom. CH), and 7.72 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H; CONH) ppm.

Tetramethylsilane was used as internal reference.

EXAMPLES 23-25 Further salts of 6β-halopenicillanic acids with inorganic bases

Treatment of an ethereal solution of the 6β-halopenicillanic acid with an equivalent amount of aqueous base followed by separation of the aqueous phase and freeze-drying afforded the salts listed in Table IV as colorless powders.

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                          ##STR5##                                                                      Example    X            n     Z                                                ______________________________________                                         23a        Cl           1     Na.sup.+                                         23b        Cl           2     Ca.sup.++                                        24a        Br           1     Li.sup.+                                         24b        Br           2     Ca.sup.++                                        25a        I            1     Li.sup.+                                         25b        I            2     Ca.sup.++                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 26-28 Further salts of 6β-halopenicillanic acids with organic bases

By treatment of a solution of the 6β-halopenicillanic acid in a suitable organic solvent, e.g. acetone, ethyl acetate or ether, with an equivalent amount of the organic base (preferably dissolved in the same solvent), the desired salt was obtained as a crystalline precipitate which was filtered off and dried in vacuo. The salts obtained by this method are listed in Table V below.

                  TABLE V                                                          ______________________________________                                          ##STR6##                                                                      Example  X     n       Z                                                       ______________________________________                                         26a      Cl    1       dicyclohexylamine                                       26b      Cl    2       N,N'dibenzylethylenediamine                             27a      Br    1       morpholine                                              27b      Br    2       N,N'dibenzylethylenediamine                             27c      Br    1       Nethylpiperidine                                        27d      Br    1       procaine                                                28a      I     1       dibenzylamine                                           28b      I     2       N,N'dibenzylethylenediamine                             28c      I     1       Nmethylbenzylamine                                      28d      I     1       procaine                                                ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 29-30 Salts of 6β-halopenicillanic acids with β-lactam antibiotics and pro-drugs thereof containing a basic group

The salts listed in Table VI below were prepared by procedures similar to those described in the preceeding Examples 21-22(A), 23-25(B), or 26-28(C).

                  TABLE VI                                                         ______________________________________                                          ##STR7##                                                                      Ex-                                                                            am-                    Pro-                                                    ple  X     Z           cedure                                                                               IR-data (cm.sup.-1)                               ______________________________________                                         29a  Br    Bacampicillin                                                                              A     3010, 2980, 2940, 1785, 1765,                                                  1690, 1620, 628                                   29b  Br    Pivmecillinam                                                                              C     2970, 2932, 2865, 1775, 1690,                                                  1630, 1600, 625                                   29c  Br    Bacmecillinam                                                                              C     2970, 2935, 2860, 1770, 1685,                                                  1630, 1600, 628                                   29d  Br    Penethamate C     3455, 3020, 2940, 2860, 2660,                                                  1800, 1780, 1745, 1675, 625                       29e  Br    Ampicillin  B                                                       29f  Br    Amoxycillin B                                                       30a  I     Pivampicillin                                                                              A     3040, 2975, 2935, 2870, 1782,                                                  1770, 1685, 1600, 618                             30b  I     Pivmecillinam                                                                              C     2970, 2935, 2865, 1780, 1770,                                                  1685, 1630, 1600, 616                             30c  I     Bacmecillinam                                                                              C     2970, 2930, 2860, 1775, 1760,                                                  1685, 1630, 1600, 616                             30d  I     Penethamate C     3460, 3018, 2940, 2855, 2665,                                                  1795, 1775, 1745, 1670, 615                       30e  I     Ampicillin  B                                                       30f  I     Amoxycillin B                                                       ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 31

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component               Per tablet                                             ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              250 mg                                                 Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                             110 mg                                                 Hydroxypropyl cellulose 5 mg                                                   Alginic acid            10 mg                                                  Talc                    23 mg                                                  Magnesium stearate      2 mg                                                                           400 mg                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The active component is blended with the microcrystalline cellulose, granulated with a 10% solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm sieves. Alginic acid, talc, and magnesium stearate were added, and the mixture is compressed into tablets each weighing 400 mg. The tablets are covered with a film-coating of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

EXAMPLE 32

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              250 mg                                                Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                              110 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose  5 mg                                                  Alginic acid             10 mg                                                 Talc                     23 mg                                                 Magnesium stearate       2 mg                                                                           400 mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

By the same method as described in Example 31, the tablets containing 6β-bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt are obtained.

EXAMPLE 33

    ______________________________________                                         Parenteral formulation                                                         Component             Per vial                                                 ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                            125 mg                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The sterile crystalline component is filled into sterile vials which are aseptically sealed. For parenteral administration, 2 ml of sterile physiologically saline is added to the content of the vial.

EXAMPLE 34

    ______________________________________                                         Parenteral formulation                                                         Component              Per vial                                                ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                            125 mg                                                  ______________________________________                                    

The above formulation is obtained by the same method as described in Example 33.

EXAMPLE 35

    ______________________________________                                         Capsules                                                                       Component                Per capsule                                           ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid potassium salt                                                            125 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose  3 mg                                                  Talc                     6 mg                                                  Magnesium stearate       1 mg                                                                           135 mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

The active ingredient is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm sieves. Talc and magnesium stearate are added, the components are well mixed to obtain a uniform blend, and 135 mg of the blend is filled in a No. 3 hard gelatine capsule.

EXAMPLE 36

    ______________________________________                                         Capsules                                                                       Component                 Per capsule                                          ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid pivampicillin salt                                                        250 mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose   5 mg                                                 Talc                      23 mg                                                Magnesium stearate        2 mg                                                                           280 mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

The active compound is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm sieves. The diluents are added, and the mixture is carefully blended, 280 mg of the blend being filled in No. 2 gelatine capsules.

EXAMPLE 37

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                               125 mg                                                Ampicillin               250 mg                                                Corn starch              75 mg                                                 Hydroxypropyl cellulose  10 mg                                                 Alginic acid             10 mg                                                 Talc                     20 mg                                                 Magnesium stearate       5 mg                                                                           495 mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

In the above composition, the active components are blended with corn starch, granulated with a 10% solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm screens. Alginic acid, talc, and magnesium stearate are added, and the mixture is compressed into tablets each weighing 495 mg. The tablets are covered with a film-coating of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

EXAMPLE 38

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                 Per tablet                                           ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid potassium salt                                                            125 mg                                               Ampicillin                250 mg                                               Corn starch               75 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose   10 mg                                                Alginic acid              10 mg                                                Talc                      20 mg                                                Magnesium stearate        5 mg                                                                           495 mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

By the same method as described in Example 37, the tablets containing 6β-bromopenicillanic acid potassium salt and ampicillin are obtained.

EXAMPLE 39

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid potassium salt                                                            200 mg                                                Pivampicillin free base  250 mg                                                Corn starch              100 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose  5 mg                                                  Methyl cellulose         5 mg                                                  Alginic acid             15 mg                                                 Talc                     20 mg                                                 Magnesium stearate       5 mg                                                                           600 mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

In the above composition, 6β-iodopenicillanic acid potassium salt and half the amount of corn starch are blended, granulated with a 10% solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C. and screened through 1 mm screens. The balance of corn starch is blended with pivampicillin, granulated with paste of methyl cellulose and water, dried at 50° C., and screened through 0.7 mm screens. The granulates are blended with alginic acid, talc, and magnesium stearate, and the mixture is compressed into tablets each weighing 600 mg. The tablets are covered with a film-coating of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

EXAMPLE 40

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              150 mg                                                Pivampicillin free base  250 mg                                                Corn starch              100 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose  5 mg                                                  Methyl cellulose         5 mg                                                  Alginic acid             15 mg                                                 Talc                     20 mg                                                 Magnesium stearate       5 mg                                                                           550 mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

The tablets containing 6β-bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt and pivampicillin free base are obtained by the same method as described in Example 39.

EXAMPLE 41

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component               Per tablet                                             ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              125 mg                                                 Amoxycillin             250 mg                                                 Corn starch             80 mg                                                  Hydroxypropyl cellulose 10 mg                                                  Alginic acid            10 mg                                                  Talc                    20 mg                                                  Magnesium stearate      5 mg                                                                           500 mg                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The active ingredients are blended with the corn starch, granulated with a 10% solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm screens. After addition of alginic acid, talc, and magnesium stearate, the mixture is compressed into tablets each weighing 500 mg. The tablets are covered with a film-coating of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

EXAMPLE 42

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                 Per tablet                                           ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid potassium salt                                                            125 mg                                               Amoxycillin               250 mg                                               Corn starch               80 mg                                                Hydroxypropyl cellulose   10 mg                                                Alginic acid              10 mg                                                Talc                      20 mg                                                Magnesium stearate        5 mg                                                                           500 mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

By the same method as described in Example 41, the tablets containing 6β-bromopenicillanic acid potassium salt and amoxycillin are obtained.

EXAMPLE 43

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                 Per tablet                                           ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid pivampicillin salt                                                         500 mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose   10 mg                                                Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                               200 mg                                               Magnesium stearate        10 mg                                                                          710 mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

The active component is granulated with a 15% solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose and isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 1 mm sieves. Microcrystalline cellulose and magnesium stearate are added, and the mixture is compressed into tablets each weighing 710 mg.

EXAMPLE 44

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                 Per tablet                                           ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid pivmecillinam salt                                                        350 mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose   10 mg                                                Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                               130 mg                                               Magnesium stearate        10 mg                                                                          500 mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

The tablets containing the pivmecillinam salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid are obtained by the same method as described in Example 43.

EXAMPLE 45

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid potassium salt                                                            125    mg                                             Cephalexin               250    mg                                             Corn starch              80     mg                                             Hydroxypropyl cellulose  10     mg                                             Alginic acid             10     mg                                             Talc                     20     mg                                             Magnesium stearate       5      mg                                                                      500    mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

The tablets containing 6β-iodopenicillanic acid potassium salt and Cephalexin are obtained by the same method as described in Example 41.

EXAMPLE 46

    ______________________________________                                         Tablets                                                                        Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              125    mg                                             Cefaclor                 250    mg                                             Corn starch              80     mg                                             Hydroxypropyl cellulose  10     mg                                             Alginic acid             10     mg                                             Talc                     20     mg                                             Magnesium stearate       5      mg                                                                      500    mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

By the same method as described in Example 41, the tablets containing 6β-bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt and Cefaclor are obtained.

EXAMPLE 47 6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt/Pivmecillinam HCl

    ______________________________________                                         Two-layer tablets                                                              Granulate I                                                                    Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                               100    mg                                             Hydroxypropyl cellulose  2      mg                                             Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate                                                                           86     mg                                             Sodium starch glycolate  10     mg                                             Magnesium stearate       2      mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

The 6β-iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, sodium starch glycolate and magnesium stearate.

    ______________________________________                                         Granulate II                                                                   Component              Per tablet                                              ______________________________________                                         Pivmecillinam hydrochloride                                                                           100    mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                                               2      mg                                               Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                            50     mg                                               Magnesium stearate     1.5    mg                                               Talc                   3.5    mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

Pivmecillinam hydrochloride is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose, dried at 40° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, and talc.

The granulates are compressed into two-layer tablets containing 200 mg of granulate I as the bottom layer and 157 mg of granulate II as the top layer.

The tablets are film-coated with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose dissolved in ethanol-water (1:1).

EXAMPLE 48 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt/Pivampicillin base

    ______________________________________                                          Two-layer tablets                                                             Granulate I                                                                    Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              100    mg                                             Polyvinyl pyrrolidone    5      mg                                             Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate                                                                           85     mg                                             Sodium starch glycolate  8      mg                                             Magnesium stearate       2      mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

The 6β-bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt is granulated with a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., screen through 0.75 mm screens, and blended with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, starch, and magnesium stearate.

    ______________________________________                                         Granulate II                                                                   Component              Per tablet                                              ______________________________________                                         Pivampicillin base     125    mg                                               Starch                 30     mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                                               3.5    mg                                               Magnesium stearate     1.5    mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

The pivampicillin base and 10 mg of the starch are blended and granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in de-ionized water, dried at 50° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with the rest of the starch and magnesium stearate.

The granulates are compressed into tablets containing 200 mg of granulate I as the bottom layer and 160 mg of granulate II as the top layer. The tablets are film-coated with hyroxypropylmethyl cellulose dissolved in de-ionized water-ethanol (1:1).

EXAMPLE 49 6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt/Amoxycillin

    ______________________________________                                         Two-layer tablets                                                              Granulate I                                                                    Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                              100    mg                                             Polyvinyl pyrrolidone    7      mg                                             Lactose                  50     mg                                             Silicium dioxide         1.5    mg                                             Magnesium stearate       1.5    mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

The 6β-bromopenicillanic acid sodium salt is granulated with a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with lactose, silicium dioxide and magnesium stearate.

    ______________________________________                                         Granulate II                                                                   Component             Per tablet                                               ______________________________________                                         Amoxycillin           200    mg                                                Starch                30     mg                                                Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 6      mg                                                Silicium dioxide      2      mg                                                Magnesium stearate    2      mg                                                ______________________________________                                    

Amoxycillin is blended with starch, granulated with a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in de-ionized water, dried at 50° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with silicium dioxide and magnesium.

The granulates are compressed into tablets containing 240 mg of granulate II as the bottom layer and 160 mg of granulate I as the top layer.

EXAMPLE 50 6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt/Pivmecillinam HCl/Pivampicillin

    ______________________________________                                         Three-layer tablets                                                            Granulate I                                                                    Component                Per tablet                                            ______________________________________                                         6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt                                                               100    mg                                             Hydroxypropyl cellulose  2      mg                                             Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                              50     mg                                             Sodium starch glycolate  6      mg                                             Magnesium stearate       2      mg                                             ______________________________________                                    

6β-Iodopenicillanic acid sodium salt is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens, whereafter microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate are added.

    ______________________________________                                         Granulate II                                                                   Component              Per tablet                                              ______________________________________                                         Pivmecillinam hydrochloride                                                                           100    mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                                               2      mg                                               Microcrystalline cellulose                                                                            50     mg                                               Magnesium stearate     1.5    mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

Pivmecillinam hydrochloride is granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose in isopropanol, dried at 40° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. The granules are blended with microcrystalline cellulose and magnesium stearate.

    ______________________________________                                         Granulate III                                                                  Component              Per tablet                                              ______________________________________                                         Pivampicillin base     125    mg                                               Starch                 24     mg                                               Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                                               3.5    mg                                               Sodium starch glycolate                                                                               7      mg                                               Magnesium stearate     1.5    mg                                               ______________________________________                                    

The pivampicillin base and 10 mg starch are blended and granulated with a solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose dissolved in de-ionized water, the granulated mass being dried at 50° C., and screened through 0.75 mm screens. Thereafter sodium starch glycolate, the rest of the starch, and magnesium stearate are added.

The granulates are compressed into tablets containing 160 mg of granulate I as the bottom layer, 153.5 mg of granulate II as the intermediate layer, and 161 mg of granulate III as the top layer. The tablets are covered with a film-coating of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose dissolved in de-ionized water-ethanol (1:1).

EXAMPLE 51

The following composition is prepared:

    ______________________________________                                         Penethamate hydroiodide   100    g                                             Potassium salt of         100    g                                             6-β-bromo penicillanic acid                                               12-hydroxystearin, known under the                                                                       20     g                                             trade name of "Thixin ®"                                                   Modified coconut oil, known under the                                                                    780    g                                             trade names of "Miglyol 812 ®" and                                         "Neobee ®"                                                                                           1000   g                                             ______________________________________                                    

The 12-hydroxystearin is dissolved in the coconut oil at 70° C. and cooled to room temperature. Penethamate hydroiodide and the potassium salt of 6-β-bromo penicillanic acid are incorporated therein by agitation followed by homogenization. The resulting suspension is filled into plastic syringes, each containing 5 g of the suspension.

EXAMPLE 52

The following compositon is prepared in accordance with the procedures set forth in Example 51.

    ______________________________________                                         Penethamate hydroiodide 100    g                                               Potassium salt of       50     g                                               6-β-iodo penicillanic acid                                                Polysorbate 80          10     g                                               12-hydroxystearin       25     g                                               Modified coconut oil    815    g                                                                       1000   g                                               ______________________________________                                    

The resulting suspension was then filled into plastic syringes, each containing 5 g of the suspension.

EXAMPLE 53

The following composition is prepared

    ______________________________________                                         Penethamate hydroiodide 20     g                                               Potassium salt of       40     g                                               6-β-bromo penicillanic acid                                               Framycetin sulfate      20     g                                               Aluminum monostearate   20     g                                               12-hydroxystearin       10     g                                               Liquid paraffin         890    g                                                                       1000   g                                               ______________________________________                                    

The aluminum monostearate and the 12-hydroxystearin are dissolved in the liquid paraffin at 130° C. and cooled to 30° C. The penethamate hydroiodide, potassium salt of 6-β-iodo penicillanic acid and framycetin sulfate are incorporated therein by agitation followed by homogenization. The resulting suspension is filled into plastic syringes, each containing 5 g of the suspension.

EXAMPLE 54

The procedures of Example 51 were repeated to prepare a similar composition except that the penethamate hydroiodide was replaced by an equivalent amount of the salt prepared in Example 29d. 195 syringes of the resulting suspension were prepared. 

What we claim is:
 1. A pharmaceutically-acceptable amine salt selected from the group consisting of the pivmecillinam salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid; the pivmecillinam salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid; the bacmecillinam salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid; the bacmecillinam salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid, the penethamate salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid; and the penethamate salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid.
 2. A salt according to claim 1, which is the pivmecillinam salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid.
 3. A salt according to claim 1, which is the pivmecillinam salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid.
 4. A salt according to claim 1, which is the bacmecillinam salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid.
 5. A salt according to claim 1, which is the bacmecillinam salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid.
 6. A salt according to claim 1, which is the penethamate salt of 6β-bromopenicillanic acid.
 7. A salt according to claim 1, which is the penethamate salt of 6β-iodopenicillanic acid.
 8. A pharmaceutical preparation in dosage unit form for enteral, parenteral, topical or intramammal treatment of human patients and animals suffering from infectious diseases, which comprises as the principal active component 0.025 g to 2.5 g of the sale of claim 1, in combination with one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic carrier and/or auxiliary agent.
 9. A pharmaceutical preparation in dosage unit form as claimed in claim 8, containing from 0.1 g to 1.0 g of said active ingredient.
 10. A pharmaceutical preparation in dosage unit form as claimed in claim 8 in the form of tablets, pills, capsules, or suspensions.
 11. A compounded pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 8 which also includes one or more of, as a further antibiotic, a penicillin, cephalosporin, amidino penicillanic acid, or easily hydrolyzable esters thereof, the ratio between the said principal active compound and said further antibiotic is between 1:10 and 10:1.
 12. The compounded pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein said ratio is between 1:3 and 3:1.
 13. A method for treating a patient suffering from infectious diseases comprising administering to said patient a composition containing the salt of claim 1 in an amount of 1-425 mg/kg body weight of said patient/day, said composition optionally containing at least one β-lactam antibiotic or a pro-drug thereof.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, for veterinary use, which also contains as a β-lactam antibiotic, at least penethamate or the hydroiodide thereof.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 which also contains at least one antimicrobial agent used in the treatment of mastitis.
 16. The compounded pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 for use in the treatment of bovine mastitis wherein said β-lactam antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of benzyl-penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, ticarcillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, methicillin, carfecillin, mecillinam, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephacetrile, a mixture of ampicillin/cloxacillin, a mixture of amoxycillin/cloxacillin, a mixture of ampicillin/flucloxacillin, and a mixture of ampicillin/mecillinam.
 17. The compounded pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 which also contains a further antibiotic selected from the group consisting of streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, polymyxin E, tetracyclines, framycetin, colimycin, gentamycin, erythromycin, canamycin, bacitracin, tyrothricin, sulfamerazine, sulfathioazole and sulfanilamide.
 18. The compounded pharmaceutical composition of claim 16 which also contains one or more of a corticosteroid or pain-relieving agent.
 19. The compounded pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 wherein the said β-lactam antibiotic is penethamate or a salt thereof. 